????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????

??????: ?? ??????? ??????? (????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????) ???? ?. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?? (???? ??) ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????: ??? ??? ??????? http://t.co/kIwezu59TK

??? ??? ??????? ?? (?????????)[1] ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? _ ???????? _ “????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????: ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????”.

??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? “??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????”? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????.

????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????: “????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????”.

??????:

“????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????”.

???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? “????????” ???? ???? “?????” ?? (?? ???????)[2] ?????? “?????” ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.

???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? _ ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? _ ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.

??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? (????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????) ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???

???? ????? (??? ?????????? ?????? ???????) ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????.

?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? _ ??????? _ ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????[??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????] ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1997?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

???? ?????

1 _? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????:

(?) ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? _ ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? _ ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????.

(?) ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????[4] ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????: “????? ???????????”? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????: ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????.

(?) ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? _ ??????? ?? ???????? _ ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

(?) ??? ?????? ????????? (???????) ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? (???????) ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? _ ???? ????? ????? _? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????.

2? _ ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? (?????) ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

3 _ ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??:

(?) ??????: ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? [?? ??? ?????? ??????????]? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? [?? ????? ???????? ???] ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????[?? ????? ???????].

(?) ??????????: ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????: ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????: ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?[??????] ???? ?????.

(?) ????????[5] ??????????.

(?) ??????? ??????????.

(??) ??????? ?????????? ?????????.

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????.

4 _? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????.

5 _ ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? (?????? ??????????)[6] ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????: ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????[7]? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????[8].

????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? Index ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? “??????” ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? “???????? ????????” ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????.

??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? _ ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.

???? ?????

?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? (???????) ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????:

1 _ ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? _ ??? ???? ?????? _ ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????.

2 _ ????? ?????

????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????.

????? ????? (?? ????? ?????) ?????? ???:

_ ????: (????? ?????????? ???????: ?? ??????? ??????????)

_ ????? ?????: (??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????)

_ ????? ???????: (???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???: ????????? [78?/1382? _ 923?/1517?])

_ ????? ???????: (??????? ????????? ??????????: ??????? ?????)

????? ??? ?????:

???????????????????? _ ????

?????????????????? ?? _ ?????? ????????

??????????????????? ? _ ?????? ??????????

????? ????? ??????? (??? ????????? ??????)? ?????? ??:

_ ????

_ ????? ?????: (?? ??? ?????? ?????????: ??? ???? ??????? ??????)

_ ????? ???????: (?? ????? ??????? ???: ????? ???? ????????)

_ ????? ???????: (?? ????? ??????? _ ???????? ???????)

???????????????????????????????? ????? _ (??? ??????? ?????? ???????)

_ ????

? _ ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????: (????? ??????)

?????? _ (???????? ????????? ????????? ????????)

_ ????

_ ???????? ????????? ?????????

? _ ?????? ???????: (?????? ???????)

? _ ??????? ??????????: (??? ??????)

? _? ???? ??????: (???? ????????)

_ ???????? ????????? ???????

? _ ???? ????: (???)

? _ ???? ??? “???????”:(?????? ?? ???????)

? _ ???? ?????: ?????? (???? ????????)

?????? ????? ??????? (??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????) ??:

_ ????? ?????: (??????)

_ ????? ???????: (??????)

_ ????? ???????: (?????? ????????)

_ ????? ???????: (???????)

_ ????? ??????: (??????? ?????????)

_ ????? ??????: (??????? ??????????)

??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????.??

???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? “????? ?????? _ ?????????”? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????.

???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????.

???????

[1] ?_ ????? ??? ?????? “??????” ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.

[2]? _ ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????: ??? ?????? ???? (???????: 1953).

[3] ?_ ??? ??? ?????: Diderot. ???? [???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? (?????: ??? ????? ????????)? ?1: 1979].

[4] _ ??????????????? (1) ?? ???????: ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? (2) ????? ???????? ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? (3) ?????????? ?????: ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? [???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? (???????? ?????? ????) ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? (?????: ????? ?????? 1974)? ?: 44]

[5] _ ?? “???????????“? ?????? ????????: ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? [???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????].

[6]? _ ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??: ????? ????? ??????: ?????? ???????? ? ??? (1997)? (??????: ???? ???????: ??? 1997? ?:221)? ?: 95 ??? ?????.

[7]? _ ????? ????? ??????? ????.

[8]? _ ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (?? ???? ???????)? (?????: ??? ?????? ?1: 2012)? ?: 89. ???????:????? ??????? ??????? ?? (1988 ? 1994)? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? (1991)? ???????? ??????? (1993)? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????(1995)? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (1996)? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (2001)? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? (2003)? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (2004).