????: ?. ????? ????? (19\9\023)

????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????

????????????? (? ? ?): ???? (??????)? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. ??? (???? ?????????)? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????.

?????????? Pestalozzi  (1746- 1827?) ???? ??? ????:

• 

• 

???? ?????????? Pestalozzi : ????  ???????? ????? ???: “????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? [?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????]? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????”.

?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? Jean Jacques Rousseau( 1712- 1778) ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? (?????????? ?????????) ????? ??? ??????:

• ?????? ???? ????????.
• ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????.

 ??????? Plato (428- 347 ?.?)

??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? Plato ???? ???? (????????? The Republic) ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? (?????????) ???????? ????????.

????? Aristotle (348- 322 ?.?)

??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? Aristotle  ????? ???? (????????? ???????????)[1] ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????.

????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????

??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????????:

(?)[??? ????] ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ??[??? ????] ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????.

???? ????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??????????) ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? “?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????”.

(?)???[???????] ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ??? ???? ????????? ???? “????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????”? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????:

“?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????”. ??? ???: “????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????”? ??? ???? ??????: “?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????”.

(?) [??? ????? ???????]: ??????? [??? ????? ???????] ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????:

(?????) ?????? ????????: ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? (???????) ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????.

(??????) ?????? ???????:  ???? [?????????] ????? ???  ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????.

????????? ??????????? ???????????

??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? (??????????? ?????????) ????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? (?????????) ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????.

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? [????????] ?? ?????? (?????) ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? (?????????)? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????.

??????? ?? ??? ????? (??????????) ?????? ????????? ???????????? (????????) ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????.

???? ????????? ?(???? ???????? ??????????)

??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??(???? ???????? ??????????) ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????- ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????- ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????.

??? (???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????)? ?????? ??? ???????? ???:

(?)?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????.

(?) ?????.

(?)??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????: ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????.

(?)????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????.

(?) ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? (??? ?????????? ???????????) ??.

(?)????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? (????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????)? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????.

????? ???????:

1-?. ????? ?????: ??????? ????? ??????????(1 ? 12 ???) ???????????? (12 ? 21 ???).

1-?. ????? ?????: ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? (????? ?????? ????????).

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[1] – [??????????? ??????? Early Adolescnce:  12-14???]? ?[??????????? ?????????  Adolescnce Middle: 15-17 ???]? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? “???? ????? ????? ????  ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????.